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A short historical review of facial measurements and computer graphics leading to visualisation systems is given. The use of a computer graphics workstation developed at University College London for the simulation and planning of maxillofacial and cranial surgery is described. This creates a display of anatomical surfaces from three dimensional (3-D) datasets generated by Computerised Tomography, Magnetic Resonance, Ultrasound medical imaging systems and by a purpose built optical body scanner. The workstation offers a wide variety of facilities allowing the operator to interact with and interrogate these three dimensional datasets via the displayed images. The manner in which the software allows the operator to plan surgical procedures and to produce surgical models for rehearsal and prosthesis manufacture is discussed and illustrated with case material. The use of the system for studying facial form, growth and change is discussed, and clinical, morphological and forensic applications are described.
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