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In order to study respiratory modulating effects on blood pressure and heart rate over a wide frequency range and in different autonomic states, we developed a computer model of the baroreflex blood pressure control system. The model combines simple beat-to-beat hemodynamics with detailed dynamic neural control of heart rate and vasomotor activity. The model is capable of simulating different heart rate and blood pressure steady-state values as a result of a changing sympathovagal balance, and accurately simulates beat-to-beat variability due to respiration and 0.1 Hz resonance. The model is a powerful instrument in formulating and testing hypothesis concerning the origin of RSA, frequency dependency of RSA, and short term blood pressure modulations. The main characteristics of the model are discussed, as well as its use in the interpretation of two experimental studies, standing versus supine posture, and sympathetic (spinal) lesions.
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